The bath conditions are represented 15, 16, 17, 18 by the pressure, temperature, and electrolyte inside the cell and have a direct influence on the morphology of Li electro-deposits. The mechanism behind the dendritic growth of Li metal involves various parameters related to the bath conditions and substrate. These phenomena ruin the lifetime and safety of a battery cell severely, and detailed mechanisms and analyses were recently disclosed in numerous reports 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. That is, the Li metal surface is susceptible to dendritic growth, which is accompanied with the indiscriminate chemical, electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte. However, rechargeable Li metal batteries (LMBs) are hardly adopted in practical cells due to the inherent physicochemical properties of Li metal. the standard hydrogen electrode) and extraordinarily high specific capacity (3860 mAh g −1) 8, 9. Among several promising candidates, metallic lithium (Li) stands out based on its low operating voltage (−3.04 V vs. Given that the practical specific capacity of the graphite anode in existing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has saturated near its theoretical limit (372 mAh g −1), an intensive search is underway to identify anode materials with unparalleled specific capacities 5, 6, 7. The surging availability of electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-scale utility storage coupled to renewable energy conversion systems has considerably increased the demand for rechargeable batteries with high energy density 1, 2, 3, 4.
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